Páncreas ectópico, una posible y rara causa de hipoglucemia postprandial / Ectopic pancreas, a possible rare cause of postprandial hypoglycemia

Introducción: El páncreas ectópico es la segunda anomalía congénita pancreática más frecuente después del páncreas divisum. Fue descrito por primera vez en 1729 por Schultz y se define como la presencia de tejido pancreático que carece de comunicación anatómica o vascular con el cuerpo principal del páncreas. La localización más frecuente es en el estómago (25 - 38 por ciento), seguido de duodeno, yeyuno e íleon. El 40 por ciento de los casos son sintomáticos y es más frecuente su presentación en varones en torno a la 5ª y 6ª década de la vida. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de páncreas ectópico diagnosticado a través de un estudio histológico tras realizada la cirugía. Presentación de caso: Presentamos el caso de una paciente compatible con hipoglucemia y cuyo estudio definitivo mostró la presencia de tejido pancreático ectópico en estómago, con resolución completa de los síntomas tras tratamiento quirúrgico. La anatomía patológica mostró una lesión nodular tumoral benigna (2,5 cm), constituida por tejido pancreático heterotópico, con presencia de páncreas exocrino con acinos. Páncreas endocrino con presencia de islotes de Langerhans y componente epitelial con ductos. Afectación desde la submucosa hasta la subserosa, con una pared muscular propia con hiperplasia muscular en relación a la heterotopía pancreática. La mucosa gástrica mostraba inflamación crónica leve con escasos folículos linfoides. Conclusiones: La presencia de páncreas ectópico es una entidad poco frecuente, pero a tener en cuenta en pacientes con clínica de hipoglucemia, una vez descartadas otras causas. No existe consenso con respecto a indicaciones en el manejo de lesiones pequeñas y asintomáticas, por lo que se recomienda individualizar cada caso teniendo en cuenta el tamaño, la localización y el tipo histológico(AU)

Introduction: Ectopic pancreas is the second most frequent congenital anomaly after pancreas divisum. It was described for the first time in 1729 by Schultz and it is defined as the presence of pancreatic tissue with no anatomical or vascular communication with the main body of pancreas. The most common location is in the stomach (25-38 percent), followed by the duodenum, jejunum and ileum ones. 40 percent of the cases are symptomatic and is more frequent their presentation in males in the fifth or sixth decade of life. Objective: To present a case of ectopic pancreas diagnosed through a histological study after surgery. Case presentation: Case of a patient with clinical features compatible with hypoglycemia that after being studied showed the presence of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the stomach, with a complete solution of the symptoms after surgical treatment. The pathological anatomy showed a benign tumor nodular lesion (2.5 cm), made up of heterotopic pancreatic tissue, with the presence of exocrine pancreas with acini. Endocrine pancreas with the presence of islets of Langerhans and epithelial component with ducts. Involvement from the submucosa to the subserosa, with a proper muscular wall with muscular hyperplasia in relation to pancreatic heterotopia. The gastric mucosa showed mild chronic inflammation with few lymphoid follicles. Conclusions: The presence of ectopic pancreas is a rare condition, but it should be taken into account in patients with clinical features of hypoglycemia once ruled out other causes. There is no consensus in regards to the indications for the management of small and asymptomatic lesions, so, it is recommended to individualize each case taking into account the size, location and histological type(AU)

Efecto de la diabetes sobre la espermatogénesis / Effect of diabetes on spermatogenesis

La evidencia clínica que ha permitido relacionar la diabetes mellitus con la infertilidad se basa en la importancia del metabolismo de la glucosa durante el proceso de espermatogénesis, debido a que en los episodios tanto de hipoglucemia como de hiperglucemia pueden ocurrir cambios epigenéticos en algunas proteínas involucradas en la espermatogénesis. En la presente comunicación se describen los aspectos teóricos de los efectos de la diabetes sobre el líquido seminal con énfasis en la espermatogénesis(AU)

The clinical evidence that has made it possible to link diabetes mellitus with infertility is based on the importance of glucose metabolism during the spermatogenesis process, because in episodes of both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, epigenetic changes can occur in some proteins involved in spermatogenesis. This communication describes the theoretical aspects of the effects of diabetes on seminal fluid with emphasis on spermatogenesis(AU)

Prevalência de hiperglicemia de estresse em uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Prevalence of stress hyperglycemia in an intensive care unit

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e o manejo da hiperglicemia de estresse em pacientes internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado de janeiro a junho de 2018. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de 582 prontuá- rios eletrônicos, considerando os valores glicêmicos durante a hospitalização, história prévia ou não de diabetes mellitus, causas do internamento, tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, presença de complicações durante o internamento e conduta utilizada em caso de hiperglicemia de estresse. Resulta- dos: Dos 582 pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensi- va, 579 tiveram sua glicemia indicada nos prontuários analisados; 341 (58,9%) apresentaram hiperglicemia em algum momento da internação, sendo a hiperglicemia de estresse caracterizada em 200 pacientes (35%). A duração média de internamento desses pacientes foi de 8,39±10,9 dias, e a causa mais frequente de inter- namento foi devido a pós-operatório por diversas causas, somando 148 indivíduos (74%). Dentro os pacientes, 72 (36%) apresenta- ram alguma complicação. Além disso, 13 casos (6,5%) evoluíram para óbito. Conclusão: Estudos disponíveis sobre alvos de gli- cose em pacientes críticos das unidades de terapia intensiva apresentam difícil interpretação devido às diferenças subs- tanciais no grupo de populações e aos protocolos de gestão de pacientes utilizados em vários centros. Todavia, a prevalência da hiperglicemia de estresse encontrada nesta amostra é se- melhante à de outras casuísticas estudadas. O índice eleva- do de complicações enfatiza a necessidade de padronização nos critérios para diagnóstico e tratamento da hiperglicemia de estresse objetivando melhor prognóstico desses pacientes independentemente da causa do internamento.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and management of stress hyperglycemia in patients hospitalized in anintensive care unit. Methods: Retrospective study, carried out from January to June 2018. Data were obtained from 582 electronic medical records, considering glycemic values during hospitalization, existence of previous history of Diabetes Mellitus, causes of hospitalization, length of stay in the intensive care unit, presence of complications during hospitalization, and behavior used in case of stress hyper- glycemia. Results: Of the 582 patients admitted in the ICU, 579 had their glycemia indicated in the charts analyzed: 341 (58,9%) had hyperglycemia in a certain moment of hospitalization, with stress hyperglycemia being present in 200 patients (35%). The average duration of hospitalization of these patients was 8,39 ± 10,9 days, and the most frequent cause of hospitalization was postoperative for various causes, totaling 148 individuals (74%). Of the patients, 72 (36%) presented some type of complication and 13 patients (6,5%) died. Conclusion: Available studies on glucose targets in critical intensive care unit patients are difficult to be interpre- ted because of substantial differences in the study populations and of patient management protocols used at various centers. However, the prevalence of stress hyperglycemia found in this sample is similar to that of other study groups. The high com- plication rate emphasizes the need for standardization of the criteria for diagnosis and treatment of stress hyperglycemia aiming at a better prognosis of these patients regardless of the cause of hospitalization.

Impact of an inpatient multidisciplinary glucose control management program

ABSTRACT Objective: Glycemic control has been increasingly recognized as a critical element in inpatient care, but optimal management of blood glucose in the hospital setting remains challenging. The aims of this study were to describe and evaluate the impact of the implementation of an inpatient multidisciplinary glucose control management program on glucose control in hospitalized patients. Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records and glucose monitoring data obtained by point- of-care testing (POCT) in hospitalized patients before (May 2014) and after (June 2015 and May 2017) the implementation of the program. Results: We analyzed 6888, 7290, and 7669 POCTs from 389, 545, and 475 patients in May 2014, June 2015, and May 2017, respectively. Hyperglycemia (≥ 180 mg/ dL) occurred in 23.5%, 19.6%, and 19.3% POCTs in May 2014, June 2015, and May/2017, respectively (p < 0.001), while severe hyperglycemia (≥ 300 mg/dL) was observed in 2.5%, 2.2%, and 1.8% of them, respectively (p = 0.003). Hyperglycemia (≥ 180 mg/dL) reduced significantly from May 2014 to June 2015 (16.3%, p < 0.001) and from May 2014 to May 2017 (178%, p < 0.001). No significant changes occurred in hypoglycemic parameters. Conclusions: The implementation of an inpatient multidisciplinary glucose control management program led to significant reductions in hyperglycemic events. The key elements for this achievement were the development of institutional inpatient glycemic control protocols, establishment of a multidisciplinary team, and continuing educational programs for hospital personnel. Altogether, these actions resulted in improvements in care processes, patient safety, and clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients.

Etiologia da hiperglicemia em crianças críticas e o impacto da disfunção de órgãos / Etiology of hyperglycemia in critically ill children and the impact of organ dysfunction

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a incidência da hiperglicemia de estresse em crianças em condição grave e investigar a etiologia da hiperglicemia com base em um modelo de avaliação da homeostasia. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de coorte, conduzido em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica da Cairo University, que incluiu 60 crianças com doença grave e 21 controles saudáveis. Utilizaram-se os níveis séricos de glicose, insulina e peptídeo C, avaliados em até 24 horas após a admissão. O modelo de avaliação da homeostasia foi utilizado para analisar a função das células beta e a sensibilidade à insulina. Resultados: A hiperglicemia foi estimada em 70% dos pacientes. Valores de glicemia ≥ 180mg/dL se associaram com desfechos piores. Os níveis de glicemia se correlacionaram de forma positiva com o Pediatric Risk for Mortality (PRISM III) e o número de órgãos com disfunção (p = 0,019 e p = 0,022, respectivamente), enquanto os níveis de insulina se correlacionaram de forma negativa com o número de órgãos com disfunção (r = -0,33; p = 0,01). O modelo de avaliação da homeostasia revelou que 26 (43,3%) das crianças em condições graves tinham baixa função de células beta e 18 (30%) baixa sensibilidade à insulina. Detectou-se patologia combinada em apenas dois (3,3%) pacientes. Baixa função de células beta se associou de forma significante com a presença de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos, disfunção respiratória, cardiovascular e hematológica, e presença de sepse. Conclusões: A disfunção de células beta pareceu ser prevalente em nossa coorte e se associou com disfunção de múltiplos órgãos.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to study the incidence of stress hyperglycemia in critically ill children and to investigate the etiological basis of the hyperglycemia based on homeostasis model assessment. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study in one of the pediatric intensive care units of Cairo University, including 60 critically ill children and 21 healthy controls. Serum blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were measured within 24 hours of admission. Homeostasis model assessment was used to assess β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. Results: Hyperglycemia was estimated in 70% of patients. Blood glucose values ≥ 180mg/dL were associated with a poor outcome. Blood glucose levels were positively correlated with Pediatric Risk for Mortality (PRISM III) score and number of organ dysfunctions (p = 0.019 and p = 0.022, respectively), while insulin levels were negatively correlated with number of organ dysfunctions (r = −0.33, p = 0.01). Homeostasis model assessment revealed that 26 (43.3%) of the critically ill patients had low β-cell function, and 18 (30%) had low insulin sensitivity. Combined pathology was detected in 2 (3.3%) patients only. Low β-cell function was significantly associated with the presence of multi-organ dysfunction; respiratory, cardiovascular, and hematological dysfunctions; and the presence of sepsis. Conclusions: β-Cell dysfunction appeared to be prevalent in our cohort and was associated with multi-organ dysfunction.

Hiperglicemia por sepsis: del mecanismo a la clínica / Sepsis hyperglycemia in the ICU: from the mechanism to the clinic

Stress hyperglycemia is frequently diagnosed in septic patients in critical care units (ICU) and it is associated with greater illness severity and higher morbimortality rates. In response to an acute injury, high levels of counterregulatory hormones such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines are released causing increased hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance. Furthermore, during sepsis, proinflammatory cytokines also participate in the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. Septic patients represent a subtype of the critical ill patients in the ICU: this metabolic disarrangement management strategies and insulin therapy recommendations had been inconsistent. In this article, we describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of stress hyperglycemia in critical patients including the action of hormones, inflammatory cytokines and tissue resistance to insulin. In addition, we analyzed the main published studies for the treatment of acute hyperglycemia in critical patients.

Antioxidant potential of Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) pulp flour in diabetic rats

Buriti pulp flour (BPF) contains significant levels of antioxidants. This study evaluated the effect of BPF on biomarkers of oxidative damage in the liver, heart, and pancreas of diabetic rats. The chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and polyphenol content of BPF were determined. Thirty-six female Fisher rats were divided into four groups: control (C); control + BPF (CB); diabetic (D); diabetic + BPF (DB). Diabetes was induced by treatment with streptozotocin. Thirty days after the induction of diabetes, glucose, total cholesterol and triacylglycerides serum levels, aminotransferase and paraoxonase activities were evaluated. Oxidative damage to lipids and proteins was assessed through thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl analyses, respectively. Histopathological analyses were also performed. BPF contained high concentrations of phenolic compounds, lipids, and fibers, and exhibited a high capacity to neutralize the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Diabetes was evidenced by equivalent high levels of glucose in plasma from rats in the D and DB groups. Diabetic rats in both groups also presented the same increased activity of aminotransferases. Protein carbonyl levels were increased in liver, heart, and pancreas in the D compared with C group. Although treatment with BPF did not result in any histopathological alterations, it reduced significantly the levels of TBARS in the heart and protein carbonyls in the liver and heart. No effect on blood glucose and tissue histology was observed following treatment with BPF. However, BPF diminished oxidative damage in liver and heart, indicating a possible antioxidant potential in vivo, in addition to in vitro(AU)

La harina de pulpa buriti (BPF) contiene niveles significativos de antioxidantes. Este estudio evaluó el efecto del BPF en biomarcadores de daño oxidativo en el hígado, el corazón y el páncreas de ratas diabéticas. Se determino la composición química, la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido de polifenoles del BPF. Treinta y seis ratas Fisher fueron divididas en cuatro grupos: Control (C); Control + BPF (CB); Diabético (D); Diabético + BPF (DB). La diabetes fue inducida por tratamiento con estreptozotocina. Treinta dias después de la inducción de la diabetes, se evaluaron los niveles séricos de glucosa, colesterol total y triacilglicéridos, y las actividades de aminotransferasa y paraoxonasa. El daño oxidativo a lípidos y proteínas se evaluó a través de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) y análisis de proteínas carboniladas respectivamente. También se realizaron análisis histopatológicos. El BPF contenía altas concentraciones de compuestos fenólicos, lípidos y fibras, y exhibía una alta capacidad para neutralizar el radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracil (DPPH). La diabetes se evidenció por altos niveles de glucosa en plasma de ratas en los grupos D y DB. Las ratas diabéticas en ambos grupos también presentaron la misma actividad aumentada de las aminotransferasas. Los niveles de proteínas carboniladas se incrementaron en el hígado, el corazón y el páncreas en el grupo D en comparación con el C. Aunque el tratamiento con BPF no dio lugar a alteraciones histopatológicas, redujo significativamente los niveles de TBARS en el corazón y las proteínas carboniladas en el hígado y el corazón. No se observo ningún efecto sobre la glucosa en la sangre y la histología de tejidos después del tratamiento con BPF. Sin embargo, el BPF disminuyó el daño oxidativo en el hígado y el corazón, lo que indica un posible potencial antioxidante in vivo, además de in vitro(AU)

The effect of two different glycemic management protocols on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in coronary artery bypass surgery / Efeito de dois protocolos de controle glicêmico diferentes sobre a disfunção cognitiva após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio

Abstract Introduction: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is an adverse outcome of surgery that is more common after open heart procedures. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of tightly controlled blood glucose levels during coronary artery surgery on early and late cognitive decline. Methods: 40 patients older than 50 years undergoing elective coronary surgery were randomized into two groups. In the "Tight Control" group (GI), the glycemia was maintained between 80 and 120 mg dL-1 while in the "Liberal" group (GII), it ranged between 80-180 mg dL-1. A neuropsychological test battery was performed three times: baseline before surgery and follow-up first and 12th weeks, postoperatively. POCD was defined as a drop of one standard deviation from baseline on two or more tests. Results: At the postoperative first week, neurocognitive tests showed that 10 patients in the GI and 11 patients in GII had POCD. The incidence of early POCD was similar between groups. However the late assessment revealed that cognitive dysfunction persisted in five patients in the GII whereas none was rated as cognitively impaired in GI (p = 0.047). Conclusion: We suggest that tight perioperative glycemic control in coronary surgery may play a role in preventing persistent cognitive impairment.

Resumo Introdução: A disfunção cognitiva pós-operatória (DCPO) é um resultado adverso cirúrgico que é mais comum após cirurgias cardíacas abertas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o papel dos níveis de glicose no sangue rigorosamente controlados durante a cirurgia coronariana no declínio cognitivo precoce e tardio. Métodos: Foram randomizados em dois grupos 40 pacientes acima de 50 anos e submetidos à cirurgia coronariana eletiva. No grupo "controle rigoroso" (GI), a glicemia foi mantida entre 80-120 mg.dL-1; enquanto no grupo "liberal" (GII), variou entre 80-180 mg.dL-1. A bateria de testes neuropsicológicos foi feita três vezes: fase basal, antes da cirurgia e na primeira e 12ª semana de acompanhamento no pós-operatório. DCPO foi definida como uma queda de um desvio padrão da fase basal em dois ou mais testes. Resultados: Na primeira semana de pós-operatório, os testes neurocognitivos mostraram que 10 pacientes no GI e 11 pacientes no GII apresentaram DCPO. A incidência de DCPO precoce foi semelhante entre os grupos. No entanto, a avaliação tardia revelou que a disfunção cognitiva persistiu em cinco pacientes no GII, enquanto nenhum paciente foi classificado como cognitivamente prejudicado no GI (p = 0,047). Conclusão: Sugerimos que o controle glicêmico rigoroso no perioperatório de cirurgia coronariana pode desempenhar um papel na prevenção da deterioração cognitiva persistente.

Risk factors for unstable blood glucose level: integrative review of the risk factors related to the nursing diagnosis / Risco de glicemia instável: revisão integrativa dos fatores de risco do diagnóstico de enfermagem / Riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable: revisión integradora de los factores de riesgo del diagnóstico de enfermeira

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify evidence in the literature on the possible risk factors for the risk of unstable blood glucose diagnosis in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to compare them with the risk factors described by NANDA International. Method: an integrative literature review guided by the question: what are the risk factors for unstable blood glucose level in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus? Primary studies were included whose outcomes were variations in glycemic levels, published in English, Portuguese or Spanish, in PubMed or CINAHL between 2010 and 2015. Results: altered levels of glycated hemoglobin, body mass index>31 kg/m2, previous history of hypoglycemia, cognitive deficit/dementia, autonomic cardiovascular neuropathy, comorbidities and weight loss corresponded to risk factors described in NANDA International. Other risk factors identified were: advanced age, black skin color, longer length of diabetes diagnosis, daytime sleepiness, macroalbuminuria, genetic polymorphisms, insulin therapy, use of oral antidiabetics, and use of metoclopramide, inadequate physical activity and low fasting glycemia. Conclusions: risk factors for the diagnosis, risk for unstable blood glucose level, for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus were identified, and 42% of them corresponded to those of NANDA International. These findings may contribute to the practice of clinical nurses in preventing the deleterious effects of glycemic variation.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar evidências na literatura acerca de possíveis fatores de risco do diagnóstico risco de glicemia instável para pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e compará-los com os fatores de risco descritos pela NANDA International . Método: revisão integrativa norteada pela pergunta: quais são os fatores de risco de glicemia instável em pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2? Incluíram-se estudos primários cujos desfechos eram variações nos níveis glicêmicos, publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol no PubMed ou CINAHL entre 2010 e 2015. Resultados: observou-se que alteração nos níveis de hemoglobina glicada, índice de massa corpórea>31 Kg/m2, história prévia de hipoglicemia, déficit cognitivo/demência, neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular, comorbidades e perda de peso correspondiam a fatores de risco descritos pela NANDA International . Outros fatores de risco identificados foram: idade avançada, raça negra, maior tempo de diagnóstico de diabetes, sonolência diurna, macroalbuminúria, polimorfismos genéticos, insulinoterapia, uso de antidiabéticos orais, uso de metoclopramida, atividade física inadequada e glicemia de jejum baixa. Conclusões: identificaram-se fatores de risco do diagnóstico risco de glicemia instável para pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dos quais 42% correspondiam àqueles da NANDA International . Esses achados podem contribuir para a prática de enfermeiros clínicos na prevenção dos efeitos deletérios da variação glicêmica.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar evidencias en la literatura acerca de posibles factores de riesgo del diagnóstico "riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable" para personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y compararlos con los factores de riesgo descritos por la NANDA International . Método: revisión integradora orientada por la pregunta: ¿Cuáles son los factores de riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2? Se incluyeron estudios primarios cuyos resultados eran variaciones en los niveles glucémicos, publicados en inglés, portugués o español en el PubMed o CINAHL entre 2010 y 2015. Resultados: se observó que una alteración en los niveles de: hemoglobina glucosilada, índice de masa corporal >31 Kg/m2, historia previa de hipoglucemia, déficit cognitivo/demencia, neuropatía autonómica cardiovascular, comorbilidades y pérdida de peso, correspondían a factores de riesgo descritos por la NANDA International . Otros factores de riesgo identificados fueron: edad avanzada, raza negra, mayor tiempo de diagnóstico de diabetes, somnolencia diurna, macroalbuminuria, polimorfismos genéticos, insulinoterapia, uso de antidiabéticos orales, uso de metoclopramida, actividad física inadecuada y glucemia de ayuno baja. Conclusiones: se identificaron factores de riesgo del diagnóstico riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable para personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, de los cuales 42% correspondían a los de la NANDA International . Esos hallazgos pueden contribuir para la práctica de enfermeros clínicos en la prevención de los efectos deletéreos de la variación glucémica.

Hiperglucemia en la urgencia pediatrica. No todo es diabetes / Hyperglycemia in the pediatric emergency. Not everything is diabetes

La hiperglucemia es un hallazgo poco frecuente en la urgencia pediátrica. La hiperglucemia, glucemia ≥ 126 mg/dl, puede corresponder a un cuadro de diabetes mellitus tipo 1; el hallazgo de una hiperglucemia casual en un paciente obeso y con diabetes tipo 2; la hiperglucemia sin descompensación de una diabetes monogénica o ser una hiperglucemia por estrés. Estas últimas suelen ser no cetósicas, limitadas a la enfermedad aguda y, generalmente, no desarrollan diabetes en el seguimiento posterior. En un análisis, hayamos solo un 2,9% de casos (8/270 niños) con hiperglucemia por estrés que desarrollaron diabetes mellitus en el seguimiento posterior. El uso de insulina en los casos más graves mejora la evolución y disminuye la morbimortalidad. Existe una superposición de cuadros intermedios en la presentación de la hiperglucemia, que requiere el auxilio del especialista para desentrañar el cuadro subyacente en el seguimiento posterior.

Hyperglycemia is a rare finding in pediatric emergency. Hyperglycemia as pediatric emergency presentation (blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl), may correspond to a diabetes mellitus type 1, the finding of a casual hyperglycemia in an obese patient and type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia without decompensation of the monogenic diabetes or stress hyperglycemia. The latter are often not ketosis, limited to acute illness and usually do not develop diabetes at follow-up. We found only 2.9% of patients (8/270 children) with stress hyperglycemia who developed diabetes mellitus at follow-up. The use of insulin in the most severe cases improves the evolution and decreases morbidity. There is an overlap of intermediate states in the presentation of hyperglycemia requiring specialist help to unravel the underlying state in the follow-up.

Anti-hyperglycemic activity of Rutin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: An effect mediated through cytokines, antioxidants and lipid biomarkers.

Administration of rutin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) orally for 3 weeks treatment significantly improved body weight, reduced plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), restored the depleted liver antioxidant status and serum lipid profile in high fat diet + streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. Rutin treatment also improved histo-architecture of ß islets and reversed hypertrophy of hepatocytes. Rutin exhibited significant antidiabetic activity, presumably by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, improving antioxidant and plasma lipid profiles in High fat diet + streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic model and may be useful as a diabetic modulator along with standard antidiabetic drugs. However, such effects need to be confirmed on human subjects in clinical condition.

Control moderado de hiperglucemia luego de infarto cerebral agudo en unidad de cuidados intensivos / Moderate control of hyperglycemia after acute stroke in the intensive care unit

La hiperglucemia después de un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico (ACVi) se asocia con peor pronóstico. Se compararon retrospectivamente los efectos entre el control de la glucemia moderado (corrección a partir de 135 mg/dl) y el conservador (a partir de 200 mg/dl) en evolución neurológica, tiempo de internación y complicaciones asociadas al tratamiento de pacientes con ACVi internados en unidad de cuidados intensivos, al alta y 30 días post-egreso. Se estudiaron 208 pacientes, 103 (24% diabéticos) con tratamiento moderado y 105 (23% diabéticos) con tratamiento conservador. La glucemia media a lo largo de la internación tendió a ser menor con el tratamiento moderado sin significancia estadística (129 ± 30 vs. 138 ± 31 mg/dl; p = 0.06). La diferencia fue significativa en los no diabéticos (119 ± 24 vs. 128 ± 24 mg/dl; p < 0.05), siendo más pronunciada en aquellos no diabéticos con déficit neurológico moderado a grave al ingreso (116 ± 23 vs. 130 ± 23 mg/dl; p < 0.01). Los pacientes que ingresaron con déficit neurológico moderado a grave tuvieron mejor evolución al alta y a 30 días bajo tratamiento moderado (variación de NIHSS: alta 2.1 ± 2.6 vs. 3.4 ± 3; 30 días: 3.2 ± 3 vs. 4.8 ± 3; p < 0.01). La duración de la internación fue menor con tratamiento moderado (6 ± 5 vs. 9 ± 5 días; p < 0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas en la incidencia de hipoglucemias. En conclusión, el control moderado de la glucemia en pacientes con ACVi se asoció con mejor evolución neurológica en aquellos que ingresaban con déficit neurológico moderado a grave (escala de NIH = 4), y una hospitalización más corta, sin un aumento sustancial de episodios de hipoglucemia.

Hyperglycemia following an ischemic stroke has been associated with poor clinical outcome. We retrospectively assessed the effect of moderately controlled plasma glucose (correction from 135mg/dl) compared to conservative treatment (correction from 200 mg/dl), as regards neurological evolution, duration of hospitalization, at discharge and at 30 days post-discharge, also complications associated with the treatment in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. We studied 208 patients, 103 (24% diabetics) with moderate therapy and 105 (23% diabetics) with conservative treatment. The average blood glucose during hospitalization tended to be lower with the moderate treatment with no statistic significance (129 ± 30 vs. 138 ± 31 mg/dl; p = 0.06). The difference was significant in non-diabetics (119 ± 24 vs. 128 ± 24 mg/dl; p < 0.05), being even more pronounced in those non-diabetics with moderate to severe neurological deficit on admission (116 ± 23 vs. 130±23 mg/dl; p < 0.01). Patients admitted with moderate to severe neurological deficit and treated with moderate regime had a better outcome at discharge and at 30 days (NIHSS variation: high 2.1 ± 2.6 vs. 3.4 ± 3; 30 days: 3.2 ± 3 vs. 4.8 ± 3; p < 0.01). The duration of hospitalization was lower in the moderate treatment group (5.7 vs. 9.2 days, p < 0.05), with no significant difference showing in the incidence of hypoglycemia in either group. In conclusion, moderate control of blood glucose in ACVi patients relates to an improved neurological outcome in those admitted with moderate to severe neurological deficits (NIH scale = 4), with a reduced hospital stay, and no substantial increase of hypoglycemia episodes.

Curcumin restores mitochondrial functions and decreases lipid peroxidation in liver and kidneys of diabetic db/db mice

BACKGROUND: Nitrosative and oxidative stress play a key role in obesity and diabetes-related mitochondrial dysfunction. The objective was to investigate the effect of curcumin treatment on state 3 and 4 oxygen consumption, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, ATPase activity and lipid oxidation in mitochondria isolated from liver and kidneys of diabetic db/db mice. RESULTS: Hyperglycaemia increased oxygen consumption and decreased NO synthesis in liver mitochondria isolated from diabetic mice relative to the control mice. In kidney mitochondria, hyperglycaemia increased state 3 oxygen consumption and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels in diabetic mice relative to control mice. Interestingly, treating db/db mice with curcumin improved or restored these parameters to normal levels; also curcumin increased liver mitochondrial ATPase activity in db/db mice relative to untreated db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that hyperglycaemia modifies oxygen consumption rate, NO synthesis and increases TBARS levels in mitochondria from the liver and kidneys of diabetic mice, whereas curcumin may have a protective role against these alterations.

Interval training attenuates the metabolic disturbances in type 1 diabetes rat model / Treinamento intervalado atenua os distúrbios metabólicos em modelo de ratos diabéticos do tipo 1

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of interval training on blood biochemistry and immune parameters in type 1 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary (SE, n = 15), interval training (IT, n = 17), diabetic sedentary (DSE, n = 17), diabetic interval training (DIT, n = 17). Diabetes was induced by i.v. injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Swimming Interval Training consisted of 30-s exercise with 30-s rest, for 30 minutes, during 6 weeks, four times a week, with an overload of 15% of body mass. Plasma glucose, lactate, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol concentrations, phagocytic capacity, cationic vesicle content, and superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages were evaluated. Proliferation of mesenteric lymphocytes was also estimated. RESULTS: Interval training resulted in attenuation of the resting hyperglycemic state and decreased blood lipids in the DIT group. Diabetes increased the functionality of blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages in the DSE group. Interval training increased all functionality parameters of peritoneal macrophages in the IT group. Interval training also led to a twofold increase in the proliferation of mesenteric lymphocytes after 6 weeks of exercise in the DIT group. CONCLUSION: Low-volume high-intensity physical exercise attenuates hyperglycemia and dislipidemia induced by type 1 diabetes, and induces changes in the functionality of innate and acquired immunity.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou os efeitos do treinamento intervalado sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e imunológicos em ratos diabéticos do tipo 1. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em quatro grupos: sedentário (SE, n = 15), treinamento intervalado (TI, n = 17), sedentário diabético (SED, n = 17) e treinamento intervalado diabético (TID, n = 17). O diabetes foi induzido por uma injeção intravenosa de estreptozotocina (60 mg/kg). O treinamento intervalado de natação consistiu de 30s de exercício com 30s de recuperação, 30 minutos, durante 6 semanas, 4 vezes por semana, com sobrecarga de 15% da massa corporal. Foram avaliados glicemia, lactato sanguíneo, concentração de triacilglicerol e colesterol total, capacidade fagocítica, conteúdo de vesículas catiô­nicas, produção de ânion superóxido e peróxido de hidrogênio por neutrófilos sanguíneos e macrófagos peritoneais. A proliferação de linfócitos mesentéricos também foi avaliada. RESULTADOS: O treinamento intervalado resultou em atenuação do estado hiperglicêmico e diminuiu os lipídeos sanguíneos no grupo TID. O diabetes aumentou a funcionalidade dos neutrófilos sanguíneos e macrófagos peritoneais do grupo SED. O treinamento intervalado aumentou todos os parâmetros funcionais dos macrófagos peritoneais do grupo TI. O treinamento intervalado também aumentou duas vezes a proliferação dos linfócitos mesentéricos após seis semanas de exercício do grupo TID. CONCLUSÃO: O treinamento intervalado atenua a hiperglicemia e a dislipidemia induzida pelo diabetes do tipo 1 e induz mudanças na funcionalidade da imunidade inata e adquirida.

Investigação etiológica na emergência hiperglicêmica / Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state

Cetoacidose diabética (CAD) e estado hiperosmolar hiperglicêmico (EHH) são as complicações metabólicas agudas mais graves do diabetes mellitus. Podem ocorrer no diabetes tipo 1 quanto no 2. A mortalidade da CAD é inferior a 5% e do EHH permanece próxima de 15%. A CAD consiste na tríade hiperglicemia, cetonemia e acidemia. Seu fator etiopatogênico principal (56%) é o aparecimento de processo infeccioso. O objetivo deste trabalho é a revisão bibliográfica desses distúrbios metabólicos, com base nas últimas publicações sobre o assunto. (AU)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) are the most serious acute metabolic complications of diabetes. They can occur either in type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The mortality on DKA is <5% and on HHS remains close to 15%. Diabetic Ketoacidosis is the triad of hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and acidemia. The main cause of DKA, in about 56% of cases, is the occurrence of an infectious process. The goal of this article is to write a review of these metabolic disorders, based on the recent publications. (AU)

Malrotación intestinal con vólvulo, asociada a hiperglucemia grave por estrés / Intestinal malrotation with volvulus associated with severe stress hyperglycemia

Se presenta un niño de 2 años internado con diagnóstico de debut diabético, con glucemia de 500 mg% al ingreso, sin cetosis ni acidosis metabólica. Presenta también vómitos biliosos y amarronados, con deposiciones sanguinolentas. Se opera con diagnóstico presuntivo de obstrucción intestinal aguda, hallándose vólvulo intestinal secundario a malrotación intestinal congénita. Luego de la cirugía normaliza la glucemia. Se asume el cuadro como hiperglucemia sin cetosis, de característica graves, por estrés, secundaria a vólvulo por malrotación intestinal. Esta asociación, aún no ha sido descripta.

A 2-year-old boy was admitted with diagnosis of diabetes debut, with blood glucose of 500 mg% on admission, without ketosis or metabolic acidosis. He also presented bilious vomiting and brownish bloody stools. He was operated with a presumptive diagnosis of acute intestinal obstruction. The fnal diagnosis was volvulus, secondary to congenital malrotation. After surgery, he normalized blood sugar levels. The clinical setting was assumed as hyperglycemia without ketosis, with characteristic of severity caused by stress, secondary to volvulus in malrotation. This association has not yet been described.

Acute phase hyperglycemia among patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome: prevalence and prognostic significance

Regardless of diabetes status, hyperglycemia on arrival for patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome, has been associated with adverse outcomes including death. The aim of this study is to look at the frequency and prognostic significance of acute phase hyperglycemia among patients attending the coronary care unit with acute coronary syndrome over the in-hospital admission days. The study included 287 consecutive patients in the Al-Faiha Hospital in Basrah [Southern Iraq] during a one year period from December 2007 to November 2008. Patients were divided into two groups with respect to admission plasma glucose level regardless of their diabetes status [those with admission plasma glucose of <14- mg/dl [7.8 mmol/L] and those equal to or more than that]. Acute phase hyperglycemia was defined as a non-fasting glucose level equal to or above 140 mg/dl [7.8 mmol/L] regardless of past history of diabetes. Sixty one point seven percent [177] of patients were admitted with plasma glucose of >/= 140 mg/dl [7.8 mmol/L]. There were no differences were found between both groups regarding the mean age, qualification, and smoking status, but males were predominant in both groups. A family history of diabetes, and hypertension, were more frequent in patients with plasma glucose of >/= 140 mg/dl [7.8 mmol/L]. There were no differences between the two groups regarding past history of ischemic heart disease, stroke, lipid profile, troponin-I levels or type of acute coronary syndrome. Again heart failure was more common in the admission acute phase hyperglycemia group, but there was no difference regarding arrhythmia, stroke, or death. Using logistic regression with heart failure as the dependent variable we found that only the admission acute phase hyperglycemia [OR=2.1344, 95% CI= 1.0282-2.2307; p=0.0419] was independently associated with heart failure. While male gender, family history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and diabetes were not independently associated with heart failure. Admission acute phase hyperglycemia of >/= 140 mg/dl [7.8 mmol/L] was associated with heart failure in this study